Which NDT method is acknowledged for being both manual and automated and is cost-effective?

The method recognized for being both manual and automated while also being cost-effective is tap-testing. This technique involves tapping the surface of a material and listening to the sound produced, which helps identify defects like delamination or voids.

Tap-testing is accessible due to its simplicity and does not require extensive training or complex equipment, making it a highly cost-effective solution. Furthermore, the method can be executed manually by an operator or automated with the use of specialized equipment, thereby enhancing its versatility in different inspection scenarios.

In contrast, other methods like X-ray NDT are often more expensive due to the requirement for specialized equipment and safety precautions. Ultrasonic NDT, while effective, also necessitates equipment that can be costly and requires skilled technicians to interpret the results. Thermography involves using infrared cameras and understanding thermal dynamics, which also adds to the cost and complexity. Thus, tap-testing stands out as the best option for those looking for a method that balances efficiency and cost.