Which of the following best describes over-processing in terms of waste?

Over-processing refers to the situation in which more work is performed than is necessary, typically leading to waste in terms of added time, resources, and costs. In this context, unnecessary repairs and rework on products epitomize over-processing. When products undergo excessive repairs or need rework, it indicates that they were either not completed adequately during the initial production or that processes are overly complex and inefficient. This excessive attention to fixing issues that should have been resolved beforehand means that resources (including both time and materials) are being wasted, ultimately impacting productivity and increasing costs.

The other options describe types of waste or inefficiencies but do not specifically pertain to over-processing. For instance, excessive product handling by customers can indicate poor layout or process design but does not directly relate to the concept of over-processing. Increased workforce management typically involves administrative tasks rather than direct processing of products, and spending time on training employees, while important, does not directly classify as over-processing since training is often a necessary investment for improving overall efficiency and skill levels.